The gingiva, or gums, play a vital role in oral health as part of the periodontium, which supports and protects the teeth. This keratinized pink tissue is supplied by arteries originating from the carotid artery and contributes to sensation and micronutrient absorption. The gingival epithelium is essential in the immune response, helping to ward off infectious inflammation and initiating protection against periodontal disease. Furthermore, gum health reflects overall health, as systemic diseases often manifest in the mouth, and poor gum health can worsen conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Healthy gums are visually and functionally distinct. They should be a consistent light pink color, although darker skin tones may show deeper pigmentation. Firm and snug around the teeth, healthy gums lack puffiness or swelling. They do not bleed during brushing or flossing and are free from discomfort. Recognizing these characteristics is crucial for ensuring optimal gum health and preventing problems before they arise.
Inflamed gums, however, exhibit noticeable warning signs. Symptoms such as redness, swelling, tenderness, and persistent bleeding during brushing or flossing are early indicators of conditions like gingivitis. Chronic bad breath, gum recession that exposes tooth roots, and heightened sensitivity to hot, cold, or sugary foods further suggest underlying gum disease. These symptoms, if left untreated, can escalate to periodontal disease, potentially leading to tooth loss and worsening overall health.
Professional dental care is essential for diagnosing and addressing gum issues. Dentists use a probe to measure pocket depths around the teeth, with healthy pockets typically between 1 and 3 millimeters. Deeper pockets signal periodontal disease and require immediate attention. Persistent bleeding, severe discomfort, or noticeable gum recession are clear indicators to seek professional care. By understanding the signs of healthy versus inflamed gums and taking proactive steps, individuals can protect their oral health and overall well-being.
Koller A, Sapra A. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Oral Gingiva. [Updated 2023 Aug 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560662/