Gingivitis is the earliest stage of gum disease, primarily characterized by inflammation of the gums. Key symptoms include redness, swelling, tenderness of the gums, and bleeding during brushing or flossing. Gingivitis is generally painless, which often leads to delayed recognition and treatment. Importantly, this condition does not involve damage to the underlying bone or supporting structures of the teeth, making it reversible with proper oral hygiene.
In contrast, periodontitis is an advanced stage of gum disease that affects not only the gums but also the deeper structures of the periodontium, including the bone and connective tissue that anchor teeth. Periodontitis advances in phases, with brief periods of tissue destruction followed by longer periods of stability or slight recovery. However, it cannot resolve on its own without proper treatment. Symptoms of periodontitis often include those seen in gingivitis, such as redness and bleeding gums, but they are accompanied by more severe issues. These include gum recession, which makes teeth appear longer, the formation of gum pockets around teeth, persistent bad breath, and increased tooth sensitivity. Over time, periodontitis can lead to loosening or loss of teeth as the supporting bone and tissue are destroyed.
A critical difference lies in the progression of the disease. While gingivitis remains localized to the gums and does not cause permanent structural damage, periodontitis signifies a chronic and progressive condition. Advanced periodontitis may lead to shifting teeth, difficulty chewing, and even visible changes in bite alignment. These symptoms indicate extensive tissue destruction and the potential for significant oral health complications without intervention.
Early recognition and intervention are crucial for managing both conditions effectively. Gingivitis can be reversed with diligent brushing, flossing, and routine dental cleanings. Periodontitis, however, often requires professional treatments such as scaling and root planing, medications, or even surgery to manage the damage. Understanding the distinctions between these stages can help individuals take proactive steps to maintain their oral health and prevent serious complications.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2023, August 23). Overview: Gingivitis and periodontitis. InformedHealth.org. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279593/